Eurorack Black is Beautiful

2hp - Arp - black

Arp - Quantized Chord Arpeggiator

Arp is a gate-driven arpeggiator with a multitude of chord types and playback modes. Voltage control over both root note and chord type allow for sequencing any combination of…

2hp - Avert - Black

AVert is a dual attenuverter. Each channel offers the ability to attenuate and invert any input signal. The signal present at channel 1 is normalled to channel 2, allowing for two unique output signals from a…

2hp - Comb - black

Comb is an IIR peaking comb filter with control over cutoff frequency, resonance that can be driven into self oscillation, and a dampening filter in the feedback path.

An incredibly short, tuned delay line…

2hp - Delay - black

Delay is a flexible, full-featured delay audio processor. CV over all parameters provides dynamic access to its nuanced controls. The feedback path ranges from slapback to infinity, allowing for wild…

2hp - Euclid - black

Euclid - Euclidean gate sequencer

Euclid is a rhythmic pattern generator based on ideas originally presented by Euclid, the Greek mathematician. The Euclidean algorithm can be adapted to create rhythms by…

2hp - Freez - black

Freez is a voltage controlled locked looper. It captures moments of audio in buffers, where they can be minced and mangled beyond recognition. Once frozen, adjusting size will cause pitch and timbre changes to…

2hp - Hat - Black

Hat is a hi-hat cymbal with a wild side. Finding something unique is easy with a blend of sounds ranging from robotic to metallic. At its core are three unique sound sources made up of six oscillators, a noise…

2hp - Kick- Black

Kick is a bass drum synthesizer with a dramatic timbral range. Its flexible synthesis engine ranges from 808 to IDM with its punchy kicks and smooth distorted tones. 1V/Octave tracking across five octaves allows…

2hp - Mix - black

Mix is a 4 channel mixer that is great for audio or control voltage signals. Up to four inputs can be combined to a single output each with its own level control.

Download the Mix manual here

∙ DC coupled…

2hp - Mult - black

Mult is a 2 input, 6 output signal splitter. Channel 1 is normalled to channel 2 when no cable is present, allowing the user to split an input signal six ways, or two input signals with three outputs…

2hp - Seq - black

Seq is a 16 step sequencer that is great for controlling oscillators, filters, and anything with a CV input. Portamento, length and playback mode can be adjusted, allowing for versatile, and performable…

2hp - Snare - Black

Snare goes from short blips to 909 hits and everywhere in between. More than just a typical snare sound, this module is a powerful sound design tool that encourages exploration. 1V/Octave tracking allows…

2hp - TM - black

TM is a probabilistic random sequence generator based on the research of Alan Turing. His Turing machine was a mathematical model of computation that could, in theory, create any output based on a set of…

2hp - Trim - black

Trim is a 2 channel passive attenuator. It features two individual channels of attenuation.

Download the Trim manual here

∙ Great for audio or CV
∙ Full-scale to infinity attenuation
∙ Passive (Takes no…

AJH - Gemini 2412 Dual SVF black

his module comprises two fully featured, and beautiful sounding 12db multimode filters, based around the classic vintage SEM filters. Each individual filter has LP, BP and HP outputs, along with a…

AJH MEGA-PHASE 12 BLACKhis is based on the vintage EH Smallstone phaser - which was 4 stages. So all of the JMJarre style Equinoxe sounds are readily available.
However, it has been expanded to 12 stages, with some unique features…

AJH MiniMod Gain Switch Expander and Multiple black

2HP

AJH MiniMod Ring SM black

The RING SM module is quite unique because its ring modulator circuit is based on a discrete transistor AC coupled Gilbert Cell design dating back to the early 1960's. The overload and distortion…

AJH V-Scale variable Buffer black

This is a precision active buffer and multi which has outstanding performance, it features very high input impedance, very low output impedance and an offset voltage of

AJH-SYNTH - Finazlizer black

The Finaliser R-EQ Reverb, EQ and Maximiser module:Perfect for adding that final touch to a modular patch, the AJHSynth Finaliser R-EQ module includes seven Mono / Stereo reverb types, along with a…

MiniMod Dual Contour (black) DUAL CONTOUR GENERATORS

Two independant Contour Envelope Generators in a single 12hp wide Eurorack module. These are very accurate replicas of the Model D contour generators, with identical circuitry…

MiniMod Glide + Noise (black) GLIDE, HOLD & NOISE

There is a lot of power and funtion contained within this deceptively small 6hp module. It features both the Glide and the Noise generator circuitry from the vintage Model D…

AJH-Synth Minimod Sonic XV black

The Sonic XV Eurorack module is a four pole Diode Ladder Filter, featuring the circuitry and sound of the Musonics Sonic V synthesiser, which has a quite different character from transistor ladder…

MiniMod VCA (black) DISCRETE CASCADED VCA

The MiniMod Discrete Cascaded VCA is a 10hp wide Eurorack format module. It features two fully discrete transistor VCA cores which are hardwired in series.

There are two audio inputs…

MiniMod VCF (black) TRANSISTOR LADDER FILTER

The stuff of legends, the Moog transistor ladder filter changed the face of the musical landscape forever. The MiniMod VCF is a faithful replica of the 24db/octave low pass filter used…

MiniMod VCO (black) VINTAGE TRANSISTOR CORE VCO

The discrete transistor core of this Voltage Controlled Oscillator is an exact emulation of the original and now very rare R A Moog Model D Oscillator from 45 years ago, and the…

Doepfer A-100KBK Knob black (white stripe)

Rotary Knobs, diameter 15 mm, height 15 mm, for 6 mm axis with 18 teeth, in different colors

Doepfer A-100kv (vintage knob, black)

A-100KV, same knob as used in the modules of the Vintage Edition (e.g. A-110-2), black body with 2 white dots and metal disk at the top side

Knob black glossy with silver-metallic coverplate…

Doepfer A-100LC3v Low Cost Case 3 HE Vintage Edition (black)

One row with 84 HP for installation of modules, incl. external Power Supply (1200mA) and bus board, Dimensions: approx. 445 x 150 x 160 mm (WxHxD)

Same as the A-100LC3…

Doepfer A-100LC6v Low Cost Frame with PSU3 Vintage Edition (black)

Two rows with 84 HP for installation of modules

Same as the A-100LC6sw case but painted vintage black like the A-100 Minicase black

New: Since spring 2016 the…

Doepfer A-100LC9v Low Cost Frame with PSU3 Vintage Edition (black)

Three rows with 84 HP for installation of modules

Same as the A-100LC9sw case but painted vintage black like the A-100 Minicase black

This an enlarged version…

Doepfer A-100LCBv Low Cost Base with PSU3 Vintage Edition

Two rows with 84 HP for installation of modules

Same as the A-100LCBsw case but painted vintage black like the A-100 Minicase black

The A-100 Low Cost Base has the same…

minature wooden case, black

3U
useable width: 32 HP
contains: 1 miniature power supply/bus (A-100MNT), 200mA

Doepfer A-110-1V (vintage black edition) Standard VCO

Module A-110-1 is a voltage-controlled oscillator. This VCO's frequency range is about eight octaves (ca. 15Hz ... 8kHz). It can produce four waveforms simultaneously:…

Doepfer A-110-2V (vintage black edition) Basic VCO

Module A-110-2 is a low-cost voltage-controlled oscillator. It's a slightly reduced version of the standard VCO A-110-1. Compared to the A-110-1 the A-110-2 has no sine output…

Doepfer A-111-5V Mini Synth Voice (Vintage Edition). (Limited edition only a few are produced)

Module A-111-5 is a complete monophonic synthesizer module that includes these components (modular version of Dark Energy):
Limited…

Doepfer A-112V Sampler / Wavetable Module (vintage black)

Module A-112 is the combination of a voltage controlled 8 Bit Sampler and a wavetable oscillator. On top of it the module is able to generate some special effects. A-112…

Doepfer A-114v Dual ringmod. Vintage Edtion (black)

Module A-114 contains two separate ring modulators. A ring modulator outputs the product (Multiplication X • Y) of the signals at inputs X and Y. It's similar to a VCA, but…

Doepfer A-118V Noise / Random (vintage black)

Module A-118 is (as you might have guessed) a noise and random voltage generator. It produces three types of signal: white noise, colored noise, and random voltage.
White and colored…

Doepfer A-120v 24dB Low Pass Vintage Edition (black)

Module A-120 is a voltage controlled low-pass filter, which filters out the higher parts of the sound spectrum, and lets lower frequencies pass through. The Cut-Off Frequency…

Doepfer A-124 SE Wasp Filter (Black & Yellow special edition)

Module A-124 is a special 12dB multimode filter using the "strange" filter circuit of the "EDP Wasp" (an analog synthesizer with black/yellow case built end of the…

Doepfer A-132-3v Vintage Edition

Module A-132-3 is composed of two identical voltage controlled amplifiers (VCA).

Each VCA has a manual gain control and a control voltage input with attenuator. The character of the control scale…

Doepfer A-138aV Mixer linear (vintage black)

Module A-138 is a four channel mixer, which can be used with either control voltages or audio signals. Each of the four inputs has an attenuator, and there's a master attenuator, so…

Doepfer A-138bV Vintage black edition

Module A-138 is a four channel mixer, which can be used with either control voltages or audio signals. Each of the four inputs has an attenuator, and there's a master attenuator, so that the…

Doepfer A-138ov (output module) Vintage black

The output module of the Performance Mixer system sums all conencted input modules and their channels, controls the final volume as well as separately the aux send and aux return…

Doepfer A-138pv Performance mixer (black vintage)

The A-138p input module of the Performance Mixer system has four channels featuring controls for gain, aux send, panorama and output level as well as a mute switch and a peak-LED…

Doepfer A-138sv Mini Stereo Mixer (vintage black)

A-138s is a simple but useful 4-in-2 mixing tool.

It has four inputs available. Each input is equipped with an attenuator (Level) and a panning control that is used to distribute…

Doepfer A-140v Vintage Edition

Module A-140 is an envelope generator, and, since it puts out control voltages, counts as one of the modulation devices in a modular system. As soon as the gate input receives sufficient voltage,…

Doepfer A-147-2V (vintage black edition) Voltage Controlled Delayed Low Frequency Oscillator / VCDLFO

Module A-147-2 is the successor of the VCLFO A-147 but offers much more features than the predecessor. The module is made of…

Doepfer A-148v Dual Sample&Hold / Track&Hold (black vintage editon)

Module A-148 (Dual S/H) has two identical sample and hold modules, designed to produce 'staircase' voltages.

The signal present at the sample input is sampled…

Module A-150V Vintage black (Dual VCS) contains two separate voltage-controlled switches.

Each switch has a control voltage input, a common Out / Input, and two In / Outputs. The switches are bi-directional: they can work in both…

Module A-151V Vintage black (Quad Sequential Switch) is like an electronic four-position rotary switch.
It includes trigger and reset inputs, four in / outputs, and a common out / input. Each time a pulse is received at the…

Doepfer A-154v Sequencer Controller (vintage black edition)

Module A-154 is a supplement to the A-155 Analog/Trigger Sequencer module. It offers a lot of new features that are not available in the basic control unit of the A-155.…

Doepfer A-155v (black vintage edition)

Analog and Trigger Sequencer, 2 rows of 8 steps with knobs and 2 rows of 8 steps switches

Features of the analog rows (knobs):

∙ 8 potentiometers (knobs)
∙ lower row: Scale (knob),…

Doepfer A-156V Dual Quantizer Vintage Edition (black)

Module A-156 is a Dual Control Voltage Quantizer.

A quantizer converts a continous control voltage in the range 0...+10V into a stepped output voltage in the same voltage…

Doepfer A-160-5 Vintage Edition

Module A-160-5 is a voltage controlled clock multiplier. The incoming clock signal (socket Clock In) is multiplied by a factor that depends upon the control voltage on socket CV In (0...+5V) and…

Doepfer A-170V Dual Slew Limiter (vintage black edition)

Module A-170 contains two separate slew limiters, also known as portamento controllers or integrators. The first SL has just one joint control, which sets both rise and…

Doepfer A-180-2V (vintage black edition)

Modules A-180-1 and A-180-2 are simple multi-connectors. They have eight inter-connected sockets, so that you can "multiply" any audio or control signal. From the factory the modules come…

Doepfer A-184-1V Ring Modulator/SH/TH/Slew Lim. Vintage Edition

A-184-1 is the combination of three functions which are actually already available in other modules (e.g. A-114, A-148, A-170). But in many systems it's not…

Doepfer A-185-2V Precision CV Adder (vintage black)

Module A-185-2 is a precision control voltage adder/buffer. Precision means that the amplification of the inputs without attenuators is exactly 1.00 and is suitable to add…

Doepfer A-188-1A Vintage Edition BBD 512 Stages

Module A-188-1 is a so-called Bucket Brigade Device module.

BBDs have been used to delay audio signals before digital delays dethroned the BBD based effect units.

But BBDs have…

Doepfer A-188-1B Vintage Edition BBD 1024 Stages

Module A-188-1 is a so-called Bucket Brigade Device module.

BBDs have been used to delay audio signals before digital delays dethroned the BBD based effect units.

But BBDs have…

Doepfer A-188-1C Vintage Edition BBD 2048 Stages

Module A-188-1 is a so-called Bucket Brigade Device module.

BBDs have been used to delay audio signals before digital delays dethroned the BBD based effect units.

But BBDs have…

Doepfer A-188-1D Vintage Edition BBD 4096 Stages

Module A-188-1 is a so-called Bucket Brigade Device module.

BBDs have been used to delay audio signals before digital delays dethroned the BBD based effect units.

But BBDs have…

Doepfer A-188-1X Vintage Edition BBD 128 Stages

Module A-188-1 is a so-called Bucket Brigade Device module.

BBDs have been used to delay audio signals before digital delays dethroned the BBD based effect units.

But BBDs have…

Doepfer A-190-3V Black vintage midi interface

Module A-190-3 is a Midi/USB-to-CV/Gate interface that allows the integration of the A-100 system into a USB or Midi environment. It has available 4 analog control voltage outputs…

Doepfer Vintage Basic set

Full assembled black Doepfer Vintage case.

Consisting of:

A-100LCBV with PSU3 case

A-190-3V midi interface

A-180-2V multiples

A-148V sample and hold

A-155V sequencer

A-154V sequencer…

∙ DSM01 Curtis Filter

Big Sound Comes In Small Packages Dave Smith's first-ever offering for modular synthesizer users is a big one—the DSM01 Curtis Filter, the very heart and soul of the Dave Smith sound. Featured in…

Eowave Domino synth voice, black

The Domino is a redesign of its desktop synth bigger brother. Packing a full-featured synthesizer voice into 10HP, the Domino includes a saw/square wave oscillator, ladder type low pass filter,…

Eowave Fluctuations Magnètiques, Quad Multimode Filter, black

The Fluctuations Magnétiques combines 4 independent multi-mode filters with selectable low-pass, band-pass ?& hi-pass. Each filter can be synced to one another to…

Eowave Sommateur x6, black

Very compact 6-into-1 audio mixer with linear pots.

4 HP

Eowave Source d`energie, PSU Module, black

The Source D'Energie is a power supply module designed to power up to a 6U case with +/-12v and 5v rails. Wall wart plugs can be used for a skiff or case with few modules, but for…

Eowave Swing

The Swing module is simple, but an effective addition to analog sequencers. Swing is a voltage-controlled clock delay with three modes, which can be used to provide step sequencers with a swing factor.

Swing…

Eowave Titan discrete oscillator, black

The Titan Oscillator is a compact (5TE) discrete VCO with a frequency range of about 1Hz to 6kHz. It has dedicated sawtooth and pulse wave outputs, further possibilities include Sync and…

Eowave Zone B.F. Dual LFO, black

The Zone B.F. is a compact (5HP) Dual LFO with 16 different waveforms, some of which are quite unusual. Its sync (reset) inputs can be set to be CV inputs by using jumpers on the back of the…

Expert Sleepers FH-1 'faderHost' USB MIDI Host

(latest firmware, version 1.5)

The FH-1 'faderHost' is a USB MIDI Host in an 8HP Eurorack module, allowing you to directly connect a USB MIDI controller to your modular…

Expert Sleepers Disting Mk3 (b-stock, trade in, minor rackrash, works fine)

(Version 3.3 of the disting mk3 firmware is now released, adding the much anticipated SD card audio playback feature. Three sample playback algorithms…

Expert Sleepers Disting Mk4 (next batch expected end of May 2018)

(Don't blow up this thing and handle with care so take precautions for static electricity)

There's a midi breakout module for the disting here!

The Disting is a…

Expert Sleepers Disting MIDI Breakout

4HP passive module to connect to the ES Disting.

MIDI I/O

IntroductionThe disting mk4 has a pair of industry standard MIDI ports - one input, one output - which can be used to connect to a…

ES-3 mk4February 2017 sees the launch of the "ES-3 mk4". Functionally equivalent to the ES-3 mk3, the mk4 adds these improvements:

∙ Illuminated jack sockets
∙ Less deep

IntroductionThe ES-3 is a Eurorack format module which…

Expert Sleepers ES-40

The ES-40 is a Eurorack format module which converts a standard S/PDIF input to five channels of expansion headers, which are used in conjunction with the Expert Sleepers ESX range of expanders (currently…

ES-6 mk2February 2017 sees the launch of the "ES-6 mk2". Functionally equivalent to the original ES-6, the mk2 adds these improvements:

∙ Illuminated jack sockets
∙ Less HP
∙ Less deep

Expert Sleepers ES-6 (ES-3…

Expert Sleepers ES-7

The ES-7 provides two channels of DC-coupled CV input to a connected ES-4, ES-40 or ES-6 module.

When used with an ES-4 or ES-40, the ES-7's inputs are provided on the ES-4's S/PDIF output jack. When used…

Expert Sleepers ES-8 USB audio interface (announced for february 2017))

he ES-8 is a USB 2.0 class-compliant audio interface in a Eurorack module, with DC-coupled inputs and outputs that can be used for both CVs and audio. As…

Expert Sleepers ESX-8CV

The ESX-8CV is an expansion module for the ES-4, ES-40 or ES-5, adding eight CV outputs from one expansion header.

In order to squeeze eight 12 bit channels through one 8 bit connection, the channels are…

Expert Sleepers ESX-8GT Mk3

The ESX-8GT is an expansion module for the ES-4, ES-40 or ES-5, adding 8 on/off outputs for use as gates, triggers, clocks etc. from one expansion header.

The ES-4/5 Controller software (part of…

Expert Sleepers ESX-8MD mk2

The ESX-8MD is an expansion module for the ES-4, ES-40 or ES-5, adding eight MIDI/DINsync outputs from one expansion header.

The ES-4/5 Controller software (part of Expert Sleepers Silent Way) allows…

Expert Sleepers FHX-1

The FHX-1 is an expansion module for the FH-1 'faderHost'USB MIDI Host Eurorack module.

SpecificationsThe FHX-1's specifications are as follows:

∙ Panel width: 4HP
∙ Module depth: 43mm
∙ Current…

Make Noise 0-Coast (semi-modular) stand alone Synth

The 0-COAST is a single voice patchable synthesizer. It’s name reflects the fact that it utilizes techniques from both the Moog and Buchla paradigms (aka “East Coast,” and…

Make Noise 10HP blank

Make Noise 1HP blank

Make Noise 20HP blank (Lightning Bolt)

Make Noise 3U 104hp Make Noise Skiff with Power & AC Adaptor

In 2009 Tony designed the first Skiff to complement the vertically oriented cases available at the time by providing an ergonomic enclosure for our René and Pressure…

Make Noise 4 HP blank

Make Noise 6 HP blank

Make Noise Brains

BRAINS is a clocked sequential binary event machine. It is designed to be connected to one or two Pressure Points to form a 4 or 8-Step 3-channel analog sequencer. Classic synthesis control!

∙ Voltage Control…

Make Noise Morphagene

The Morphagene is a next generation tape and microsound music module that uses Reels, Splices, and Genes to create new sounds from those that already exist. Search between the notes to find the unfound…

Make Noise Multiple / Gate combinerMultipleThe Multiple is a simple but important module that allows for sending a signal to multiple destinations. Within the Make Noise system the Multiple may also be used for combining clock,…

Make Noise Pressure Points

Pressure Points is a controller module, an analog sequencer that is played by hand. Touching the gold plated copper wires (aka Touch Plates), you become part of the circuit, generating a gate signal…

Make Noise René

René is the world's only Cartesian Sequencer for music synthesizers. Named for the French philosopher & mathematician René Descartes, it uses his Cartesian coordinate system to unlock the analog step sequencer…

Make Noise Rosie

Disco-Style cue-system w/ FX loop

RosieRosie is an output interfacing module with the added functionalities of FX Loop, Crossfader and Auto-Cue system. It is designed to facilitate live performance on the…

Make Noise Teleplexer

Telegraph Style signal multiplexer.

The Teleplexer is a telegraph style multiplexer (signal router) that applies the fast, physically immediate techniques of telegraphy to playing the modular synthesizer.…

Make Noise Tempi - Time shifter

TEMPI is a 6 CHannel, polyphonic time-shifting clock module. It provides an intuitive method for creation and recall of complex clocking arrangements within a modular synthesizer system. Using…

Richter WogglebugThe "WoggleBug" is a random voltage generator, originally designed by Grant Richter of Wiard Synthesizers. It is a continuation of the "smooth" and "stepped" fluctuating random voltage sources pioneered by Don…

Special Price While stock lasts..

Moog Music Mother-32 (Eurorack & semi modular)

Unscrew the 8 screws, put a 10-16p euorack flatcable to the right connector and you have your Eurorack Mother-32! We will put the right Eurorack…

Mutable Instruments - Ears

Ears is MI's take on Tom Whitwell’s Mikrophonie module – a contact microphone and amplifier allowing you to generate a large palette of sounds by scratching, tapping, and more generally collecting…

Qu-Bit Electronix - Nano Rand, Black

Nano Rand is a sample and hold, noise source, and random voltage generator in 4 HP. It takes inspiration from and improves upon the analog concept of a random voltage module; moving forward in…

QU-BIT ELECTRONIX - NEBULAE MK1- (BLACK) (B-STOCK USED FOR DEMO)b-stock: used for demo, but looks brand new.

Qu-Bit Electronix - Nebulae - audio file player/granular oscillator (1.1)

Nebulæ is an audio file player/granular…

Qu-Bit Electronix - Nebulae MkII

Record. Mangle. Destroy.

Nebulae is a granular sampler and DSP platform. Its phase vocoder audio engine provides elastic audio, which can be time stretched, granularized, and mangled to no end.…

Qu-Bit Electronix - Pulsar

Pulsar is a burst generator inspired by stars that output beams of electromagnetic radiation in space. Once keyed, a stream of triggers are dispersed across four outputs.

Environmental factors like…

Qu-Bit Electronix RT60, Black

RT60 is a stereo multi effects processor in the Eurorack synthesizer format. It features 7 high quality DSP effects running from the venerable Spin Semiconductor FV-1 chip. The effect control enables…

Qu-Bit Electronix - Tone (Black)

Tone is a quad, voltage controlled filter with low pass and band pass outputs. Its four channel architecture enables the intuitive patching of shimmering, polyphonic textures.The 24dB slope…

Qu-Bit Electronix Octone (black)

Octone is a sequencer designed with the creation of music in mind. Tonality, rhythm, and rests are all built into this powerful module.The pitch output can be quantized to one of the pre-defined…

Roland BITRAZER

Modular Crusher

Programmable Crusher Effect with CV/Gate and Eurorack Compatibility

BITRAZER is a unique modular effect combining intense bit and sample rate crushing effects and unprecedented control and…

Roland DEMORA
Modular DelayProgrammable High-Resolution Delay with CV/Gate and Eurorack Compatibility

DEMORA is a unique modular effect combining an all-new, high-resolution delay with unprecedented control and flexibility. Able…

Roland SCOOPER
Modular ScatterProgrammable Scatter Effect with CV/Gate and Eurorack Compatibility

SCOOPER is a unique modular effect combining a single-pass loop recorder and Scatter effect with unprecedented control and…

Roland SYR-E84 Eurorack Case

Durable Eurorack Case with Super-Clean, High-Capacity Power SupplyFrom studio production to live performance, Eurorack-based modular synthesis has exploded in popularity around the world. For…

Roland SYSTEM-1m - PLUG-OUT Synthesizer

Semi-Modular PLUG-OUT Synthesizer with CV/GATE and Eurorack Compatibility

The SYSTEM-1m is a semi-modular synthesizer with PLUG-OUT capability and a unique design that can be used as a…

Roland System-500 512 DUAL VCO

The 512 Dual VCO (voltage controlled oscillator) is a single module consisting of two voltage controlled oscillators. Each independent VCO produces frequencies across a wide range with 1V/octave…

Roland System-500 521 DUAL VCF

The 521 Dual VCF (voltage controlled filter) module features two separate low pass filters for modifying the timbre of audio sources. Each filter has its own dedicated controls for frequency cutoff,…